Important Facts About Smokeless Tobacco

Important Facts About Smokeless Tobacco Addiction Nicotine Use Print Important Facts About Smokeless Tobacco By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 Aaron Black / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Smokeless tobacco,  also known as chew, snuff,  spit tobacco, plug, chewing tobacco, chaw, dip, and other names, describes a variety of tobacco products that are not smoked by the consumer.   Instead, this type of tobacco is usually placed in the mouth between the cheek or lower lip and the gums, where it mixes with saliva and releases juices that contain nicotine.  The nicotine is then absorbed through the tissues in the mouth. Smokeless tobacco is sold in cans or pouches, as both leaf tobacco that is moist or as plugs or bricks. It can be dry or moist. Dry smokeless tobacco is called snuff  and is usually sold in a can. These products carry a number of health hazards for consumers. Smokeless Tobacco Contains Harmful Chemicals Smokeless tobacco is known to contain 28 carcinogens, including very high levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). TSNAs are known to be some of the most potent carcinogens present in chewing tobacco, snuff and tobacco smoke.?? Other cancer-causing substances in smokeless tobacco are known to include:?? FormaldehydeArsenicCadmiumRadioactive polonium-210 Smokeless Tobacco Products Cause Cancer According to a study published in 2018, people who use dip or chewing tobacco could possibly increase their risk of oral cancer by up to 27 times as compared to those who do not use these products.  This includes cancer of the lip, tongue, cheek, roof, and floor of the mouth, as well as cancer of the larynx.Smokeless tobacco users also face an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Smokeless Tobacco Is Addictive Dip and chewing tobacco contain more nicotine than commercially manufactured cigarettes. The amount of nicotine varies by type of smokeless tobacco and brand. However, in the long run, blood levels of nicotine are about the same for users of smokeless tobacco and cigarette smokers.?? When used according to package directions, the nicotine in smokeless tobacco is easily absorbed through the lining of the mouth in quantities sufficient to cause addiction.?? Smokeless Tobacco Causes Gum Disease, Bone Loss, Leukoplakia and Tooth Decay Smokeless tobacco creates an unhealthy environment in the mouth that leads to a variety of nasty problems. In addition to brown-stained teeth and bad breath, users also face:?? Permanent gum recession and bone loss where the tobacco restsLeukoplakia, a condition characterized by benign or precancerous lesions on the tongue or inside of the cheeksTooth decay from the sugar used to enhance the flavor of smokeless tobacco Smokeless Tobacco Causes Other Health Problems Research published in 2018 found that people who use smokeless tobacco have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke compared non-users.?? Smokeless Tobacco Is a Dangerous Alternative to Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco is less deadly than cigarette smokingâ€"there is no disputing that.?? With approximately 7000 chemical compounds in cigarette smoke, hundreds of which are known to be poisonous, and dozens that are carcinogenic, smoking is by far the most hazardous form of tobacco use on the planet today. That said, smokeless tobacco poses serious risks to the user that do not make this class of tobacco product a safe alternative to smoking. Cigarette smoking is part addiction to nicotine and part habit, born out of many years of associating smoking with every activity we have in our daily lives.?? Smokers who switch to smokeless tobacco are still addicted to nicotine and still link tobacco to the activities in their lives. Because of this, the risk of a smoking relapse is substantial. Smokeless Tobacco as a Quit Aid All tobacco products carry the risk of disease and addiction, and as such are not good choices as quit aids.?? Using harm reduction as a fix for smoking can also be disempowering. While a person might think of the switch as a proactive move to improve ones health, they are also telling themselvesâ€"usually on a subconscious levelâ€"that they are not strong enough to quit using tobacco altogether. And to make matters worse, this justification can become a pacifier, causing the user to put quitting tobacco on the back burner indefinitely. We all have what it takes to beat nicotine addiction successfully. With the right tools at hand to help us change our relationship with nicotine, freedom is within reach of every person who wants it. Quit Aids Can Help You Stop Smoking More Comfortably Nicotine Replacement Therapies (NRTs) Nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), which contain nicotine but none of the other hazardous chemicals present in tobacco products, are a better choice as a nicotine-based quit aid.?? NRTs are not without risk. Because these products, which include the nicotine patch, gum, nasal spray, inhaler and nicotine lozenges  contain nicotine, they all carry the danger of addiction themselves. That doesnt mean one shouldnt use NRTs, but it does mean that package directions should be followed carefully and that ex-smokers wean themselves off of the products in the time recommended. All Tobacco and Nicotine Products Carry Risks Some forms of tobacco are more hazardous than others, but all tobacco products carry risks to the user that include addiction and potentially deadly health issues.?? We all deserve freedom from nicotine addiction. Imagine a life that is free of the need to use a drug multiple times a day, day-in and day-out. If you smoke or use any type of tobacco product, you can quit, and you do have what it takes to do it within you right now. Resources to Help You Stop Using Tobacco Learn what you can expect when you quit smoking and how to minimize the discomforts associated with nicotine withdrawal. Smokeless tobacco products carry a number of risks and are not a good alternative to smoking. Use the quit smoking resources to help you tap into your own inner strength and resolve to quit smoking. The work it takes to claim your freedom is small indeed when compared to the benefits youll enjoy, from improved health to the boost of confidence youll get from overcoming nicotine addiction. Quit Smoking and Make It Stick!

How Does An Author s Life Influence Their Writing

How Does an Author’s Life Influence Their Writing? Authors have inspired and created some of the most remarkable ideas that can change just one life or many; however, these authors must have had inspiration themselves. An author’s life influences who they are and what they do, writing. Edgar Allan Poe was a unique author who wrote numerous dark, mysterious works, such as â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart,† that were inspired by his life full of sorrow and despair. Comparable to Poe, S.E. Hinton’s writing was affected by her life of being different from the world and even her friends, which led to her writing about a unique character who stands out in The Outsiders. Lastly, Elie Wiesel is alike to the previous authors. His life, burdened by ceaseless pain that he bore through, reflects in his writing in Night. Anybody’s life can change from just one significant moment that they have lived, no matter who they are or what they do. Edgar Allan Poe, S.E. Hinton, and Elie Wiesel had been just average people who have cha llenged events in their lives which who used those events to write. Edgar Allan Poe’s writing had certainly been impacted by his life. Poe was born to his mother, Eliza Poe, in 1809. However, his alcoholic father, David Poe Jr., had left him. His mother later died of Tuberculosis when he was still young. Although he had joined the Allan Family, this absence of his parents brought him to be lonely. His foster father, John Allan, raised Poe as if he was his own, but Poe and hisShow MoreRelatedSummary Of An Act Of Vengeance 859 Words   |  4 Pagesturned into an unstoppable love. Isabel Allende is a strong feminist and it can be seen throughout her writing, reason for this is her personal experiences, causing it to change the way she refers when writing about the opposite sex. 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The Cost of Protecting Our Borders - 1382 Words

The Cost of Protecting Our borders Enzo Biasillo Strayer University Abstract Despite the increase in funding over the last decade, the number of illegal aliens entering our country continues to grow. Every year, we allow 750,000 immigrants to enter the country legally and make them eligible for citizenship within five years yet it is estimated that 10 million people reside in our country without legal documentation. Illegal immigration is not just Arizona’s problem, or any of the other bordering states, it is a national problem that is costing United States citizens billions each year. â€Å"Political Correctness† forbid certain politicians from calling illegal immigrants what they are at face value: Criminals. They commit an†¦show more content†¦At a cost ranging in the billions, this multi year project was not without costly troubles. A byproduct of the SBI is the Secure Fence Act of 2006. The SFA increased the border control funding from a low of $4.6 billion to $10.4 billion. The goal was to employ the use of technology like rada r, cameras and sensors, as well as infrastructure via fences, roads and lighting to detect and deter illegal entry. The focus was on the southwest border at areas deemed â€Å"more vulnerable† than other entry points. The fence was to be 700 miles long and equipped with the latest and greatest technology tax payers could buy. The fence was a failure. Radar and motion detectors set off alarms sending in the troops but often they are false alarms. Birds fly into the fence and set the alarms off and even high winds will set it off.(3) What’s the solution? A political debate of course! How can the government ineffectually spend more? A proposal by Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Duncan Hunter, called for two fences composed of metal and wire that would run from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Coast. Additionally, he proposed that a two layer 15’ fence be constructed along the entire length of the U.S/Mexico border. 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911 Narrative Essay Free Essays

The Power of Words September 15th, 2001. â€Å"That moment was when I learned the importance of words. Whether you may be angry, sad, or happy, you must use your words wisely. We will write a custom essay sample on 911 Narrative Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Love everyone, and tell them so every day†(George Phoenix. ) ______________________________________________________________________________ Morning of September 11th, 2001. Phoenix went to the cafeteria to get his usual coffee, milk and Danish. Returning from the cafe with his food, he entered into an elevator heading to his office on the 67th floor. The tight space was uncomfortably cold and silent, with extremely strange yet catchy elevator music playing. Prior to work he had gotten into an argument with his wife and as he slowly sipped his coffee savoring every ounce of it, he was contemplating the words he would say to her when he returned home. Five other men crowded into the elevator: Four were everyday workers in the twin towers, and the other was the monthly window washer. The smell of cleaning products and expensive cologne began to take over the air. You could see it on every face waiting for their stop that it was about to be a long day. The drawn out elevator ride was almost over. Only eighteen more floors to go and it would be time for him to sit down and rest his body. Suddenly, as the elevator hit the 50th floor, there was a large â€Å"boom† and the elevator began to bang violently from side to side. One of the men reached over and pressed the emergency button. As they all sat frustrated and worried waiting for a response, they became incredibly antsy. After what seemed like an agonizing amount of time, the operator informed them frantically that the building was under attack, and the loud â€Å"boom† they heard was a plane crashing into the building. The mood of the elevator drastically transformed from frustration to pure fear. As the smoke quickly became overwhelming, George instinctively grabbed his hanker chief and dipped it into his milk. He recalled once being instructed that a wet cloth covering the face will help a person breathe during a fire emergency. Never having thought he would actually be in a situation that would put such a trick to use, he found the situation unfathomable. Wisely, they decided to keep calm and think of a way out. The window washer grabbed his squeegee and used all his might in an attempt to pry the doors open, asking with strained breathes for the others to join in and help. As a result, they finally got the doors open. George felt a sense of relief, as they were sliding the door open, but was hit by reality when he was met with two giant, painted letters – 50. Right in front of the doors; in front of his escape to enjoy the rest of his life with his beautiful wife, was a wall offering no escape. Then and there he pulled out his phone and dialed his wife, only to discover that there was no signal. The frustration he had towards himself was overflowing. All he could think about was how meaningless were. The frustration then gave him a kick to push on. He began to pierce through the wall with the metal end of the squeegee. After piercing a small hole the men all crowded around it trying to breathe in every bit of fresh oxygen they could. As a group, they worked towards kicking at the wall. Eventually they were able to create a hole big enough to crawl through. Before long George and the other men were discovered by a firefighter and led down the stairs. Every step he took he thought about hurrying home to his wife and saying the things he should’ve said before he left. Phoenix is a hero. His focus and ability to stay calm under pressure was phenomenal. There are many lessons a person could get out of this incredible story. But I think there was one extremely important lesson Mr. Phoenix wanted people to learn out of his story. That 43 minutes of his life taught George the importance of words, and that no matter what your emotion may be, you must use your words wisely. The day a person’s life is taken away remains unknown. Each life and therefore each day in a life is precious and should be valued. No matter what may be going on in life, keep your head held high and tell everyone that you love how much they mean to you. You never know when or what your last words may be to someone. How to cite 911 Narrative Essay, Essays

Critical Incidents And Conditions In The Lives Of Essay Example For Students

Critical Incidents And Conditions In The Lives Of Essay The Characters In Delores ClaibourneDelores ClaiborneThe film â€Å"Delores Claiborne†, based on the novel by Stephen King, is a suspenseful, well-written drama about a family in Maine. The film gradually unfolds the painful story of a family destroyed by alcoholism and abuse, and of a woman’s will power and strength to overcome. The following pages will review Critical Events in the lives of Delores, Joe, and Selena. This will be followed by the Critical Conditions that influenced the lives of the St. George family, including history and culture. Finally, I will review Important Character Statements, things that characters in the film said that provide insight into their character and/or history. Critical Events- The death of Vera Donovan is a critical event. Although details will not be given of her death until later in the film, her death itself is a critical event in the lives of Delores and Selena. Perhaps the most important consequence of this event is that Selena comes home to visit her mother, Delores, upon hearing that she may be involved in the death of Vera. This homecoming allows the rest of the story to unfold, and had Selena no reason to return home, parts of her history would have never come to the surface, and Selena would still be wrestling with a mistaken view of the past. Her relationship with her mother is greatly influenced by this event. A second chain of critical events, perhaps some of the most crucial, is presented in flashback format. After being physically and emotionally assaulted by Joe, who has started drinking again, Delores reaches her breaking point. She throws a pitcher of milk at Joe, and threatens him with an axe, then gives him the axe and dares him to kill her. She tells him she’s had enough of his abuse, and that if he hits her again, he’d better kill her: because if not, she will kill him. What we see in this critical event is the strong willpower and personality of Delores. Her relationship with her husband is altered greatly by this event. The next critical event we are shown is the harassment of Delores by neighborhood teens. Selena is greatly affected by this, and retreats to the bathroom to take pills to calm down. Her mother tries to convince her not to do this. Selena is quite obviously emotionally distraught. We flash back to a prank telephone call to a young Selena, another critical event. The callers are harassing her about her father’s death. Selena then begins to destroy Christmas ornaments, and engages in an act of self-mutilation by cutting herself on the neck with one of the ornaments. Her father’s death is a great cause of unsettlement in the life of Selena, and she is on various medications while trying to cope with this unresolved conflict. Yet another critical incident is when Delores confronts a young Selena on the ferry on the way home from work. This confrontation leads Delores to the knowledge that Joe is sexually abusing Selena, which leads her to go to the bank to attempt to withdraw the money she has been saving and run away with Selena. Since Joe withdrew the money already, another critical event, Delores is torn and does not know what to do. She cries at work and is confronted by Vera, who in yet another critical event, suggests to Delores that she kill Joe and make it look like an accident. The day of the eclipse, when Vera gives Delores the day off and the eclipse viewing supplies, Vera opens the door for Delores to kill Joe. And, in yet another critical incident, Delores leads Joe on a chase through the front yard which leads to his â€Å"accidental’ fall down a well. .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .postImageUrl , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:hover , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:visited , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:active { border:0!important; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:active , .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774 .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u158cdca9579d0caee5865341f92d5774:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Same sex marriagescalltoact speech EssaySelena refuses to believe that her father ever hurt her until she is on a ferry leaving the island. When she goes to buy a coffee, she remembers an incident when her father sexually abused her on the ferry. This is extremely crucial, because it allows her to see why her mother did what she did, and prompts her to go back and defend her mother. It also allows Selena a glimpse into her own history. This

International Business The Challenges of Globalization

Table of Contents Intended audience and level of reading The authority and/or qualifications of the authors Summary comment Main purpose of the work Reference List Intended audience and level of reading International Business: The Challenges of Globalization (Wild et al., 2009) is a comprehensive manual for business students. This book reveals major trends in international business in concise and accessible way. The use of illustrations, anecdotes, various interactive activities makes this manual not only very informative, but very interesting for students.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on International Business: The Challenges of Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By all means it is a very helpful source of theoretical and practical knowledge on international business. The manual is cited by many scholars considering international business. For instance, Tipton (2006) refers to these authors while portraying the peculiarities of business held in Asian countries. The authority and/or qualifications of the authors It is important to state that the authors are respectful and honored scholars (Barnes Noble, 2010). Thus, Professor John J. Wild got numerous teaching honors, such as â€Å"Mabel W. Chipman Excellence-in-Teaching Award, the Teaching Excellence Award from the 2003 graduation class, and the Beta Alpha Psi Excellence in Teaching Award† (Barnes Noble, 2010). He has written more than 50 publications and is often invited as a speaker to various conferences. Dr. Kenneth L. Wild is a committed educator which contributed greatly into the development of the international business study. He is a frequent speaker at the largest universities of the world and various conferences. He is a member of several organizations, such as the Academy of International Business, and he is also an Associate Editor of the Middle East Business Review (Barnes Noble, 2010). Professo r Jerry C.Y. Han (who died in 2002) wrote more than forty publications on international business. He is a recognized educator who proved to be one of the most creative in business education. Han was also President of the North American Chinese Association (Barnes Noble, 2010). He also consulted various international companies and was an active member of many organizations. Summary comment As has been already mentioned International Business: The Challenges of Globalization (Wild et al., 2009) is a very informative and precise manual for business students. It highlights the most important point and prepares students for various issues they may come across in the real life. Thus, Part 1 of the book deals with the issues of globalization. In fact, it introduces the notion and main peculiarities of the process of globalization. It is important that students may refer to the map (available in Appendices) so that they can better understand international business outline. After introducin g details on globalization the authors consider peculiarities of national business environments, studying cross-cultural relations and various factors influencing national business in major areas of the world. The authors go into detail considering international investment issues which is very important for successful business.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One more valuable set of information is Part 4 of the book where the authors consider international financial system and depict peculiarities of international monetary system. Finally, the book provides the necessary information on business planning, implementing business strategies and analyzing the effectiveness of business models. Of course, this part provides many precise and helpful strategies to start and manage international business. Main purpose of the work Due to their creative approach and concise writi ng the authors succeeded to achieve the major goal, i.e. the main purpose of the book which is to assist students (educators, businessmen, managers, etc.) to cope with numerous issues emerging in international business. Reference List Barnes Noble. (2010). International Business: The Challenges of Globalization / Edition 4. Web. Tipton, F.B. (2006). â€Å"Thumbs-up is a rude gesture in Australia†: The Presentation of Culture in International Business Textbooks. AIB Insights, 6(2), 10-16. Wild, J.J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C.Y. (2009). International Business: The Challenges of Globalization, 5/E. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. This book review on International Business: The Challenges of Globalization was written and submitted by user Vaughn Velazquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays

Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essays Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay Role of Landscape Architecture in Urbanization Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Every day, the number of people in the world is rising. Because of that phenomenon the rapid development forced to do to accommodate the total population such as urbanization. However, the unwell planning development was done that made our environment in trouble. The major factor of this happening because less understanding of surrounding environment and ecological aspect while planning the urbanization. One profession that closely related with designing the sustainable urbanization is landscape architects. The development of landscape urbanism theory and its implementation into the field of practice is outlined with particular focus on its position of redefining the role of landscape architect. Global movements of urbanization, increasing awareness of urban ecology and analysis of modern planning lead to the important responses that landscape urbanism applies to modern projects. Landscape urbanism holds a promising future in determining sustainable urban form. Continued long-term investment in applying the theory to practice will lead to a balance relationship similar to the requirement between landscape and urbanism. 2. URBANIZATION 2. 1Definition of urbanization Urbanization as defined by Paul Jenkins (2007) normally refers to the demographic process of shifting the balance of national population from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’ areas; urbanization rate indicates the proportion of the population living in urban areas at a given time; and urban growth rate is a measurement of the expansion of the number of inhabitants living in urban settlements. Meanwhile, Basudeb Bhatta (2010) defined urbanization as non-spatial and social process which refers to the changes of behavior and social relationships that occur in social dimensions as a result of people living in town and cities. Urbanization is also defined by United Nation (2005) as ‘movement of people from rural areas with population growth equating to urban migration’. According to New World Encyclopedia (retrieve 19 October 2011), urbanization is the growing number of people in a society living in urban areas, or cities. Urbanization means increased spatial scale and density of settlement as well as business and other activities in the area. Urban areas tend to attract businesses because of their large and dense population. This in turn draws more people to the area, working in a kind of circular process. The classic and most applicable definition of urbanization has been advance by Hope Tisdale (1942), who argues that urbanization is the process by which a growing section of the country’s population comes to live in relatively densely populated, relatively large towns and urban-type communities. Since the appearance of the first major studies about urbanization in the second half of the nineteenth century, the most influential study is that of Adna F. Weber (1899) whom wrote that the term urbanization has primarily been associated with numbers of people which migrate from countryside to the towns, about the rise of metropolis, that is to say, towns with a large population, about the differences in the growth of population in the towns, and in the countryside, and so forth. As the result of above definition about the term urbanization, it can be conclude that urbanization is the migration of people from rural area to town area which increase the number of population. As a result of the migration, their behavior, social activities, cultures and relationships might changes. It is related to the surrounding of the town which offers people more working opportunities. 3. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 3. 1Definition Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action in interaction of natural and human factors (Council of Europe, 2000). Due to this interaction landscape change is an unavoidable fact. Usually habitats have the ability to adapt themselves to changes caused by natural forces, but with respect to man bring on changes such as urbanization, the transformation can be further than the limits of resiliency. Landscape, as defined by UNESCO (retrieve 19 October 2011) is the result of the interaction of the natural environment and human activities. Therefore it represents a holistic concept composed of ecological, social and economic components. Wikipedia (retrieve 19 October 2011) defined architecture as the process and product of planning, designing and construction. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural and political symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Landscape architecture as defined by Dan Sullivan (2010) is the comprehensive discipline of land analysis, planning, design, management, preservation, and rehabilitation. The profession of landscape architecture has been built on the principles of dedication to the public safety, health and welfare; and recognition and protection of the land and its resources. The term landscape architecture first appeared in print in 1828, in the title of a book by Gilbert Laing Meason in Scotland. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, in presenting their Greensward Plan for Central Park in New York City in 1858, were the first to use landscape architect as a professional title. The first in Canada to advertise themselves as landscape architects were Frederick Gage TODD of Montreal and Charles Ernest Woolverton of Grimsby, Ont, who established private practices in 1900 and 1901 respectively. Other practitioners called themselves landscape designers, landscape gardeners, or landscape engineers the choice often reflecting their previous training in such fields as agricultural science, architecture, civil engineering, gardening and horticulture. Today’s landscape architects are usually dealing with land that was changed by the previous human intervention. In rural areas and less wilderness and increasing development pressures, many projects that require unique design skills and expertise in restoring damaged forest, fields, wetlands and contaminated and neglected industrial land, and they redesign and revitalize underutilized urban areas. With more people living in or near urban areas, landscape architects are increasingly concerned about the quality of urban life and the way that council develop and manage their open spaces. 4. ROLE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN URBANIZATION In other develop country; landscape architect is a prime consultant in every single urban project and also the one who in charged putting the other consulting from different disciplines together, pointing everybody the direction to get the project done and put all the great minds together and come up with a great project with multi-disciplinary approaches. Landscape architects also design landscape environment which to be important and inner part of the planning of an urban area that will durable for decades. It is because landscape architect can handle and communicate with other different discipline and very sensitive with nature and surrounding environment. As stated before, urbanization is a population growth from rural area to urban area or town where the developments are also growth. Landscape architects play major role in urban development or urbanization. To this day landscape architecture and design are employed for both private and public pleasure, from the modest suburban home to a large estate, and from the town square to city parks and greenbelts. As it best, landscape architects join the natural environment with built environment, and create and define spaces which fulfill human and natural need. Dividing and defining the spaces of built and natural is an essential part in any development in order to stabilize the ecosystem and make it sustainable. Landscape architects frequently use concepts of spatial structures to express their ideas. When their spatial structure seldom refers to the real landscape pattern, the typical outcome is ill planned urban development resulting in loss of diversity, coherence and identity. Application of scientific knowledge from landscape ecology is crucial to overcome this problem. Because spatial pattern can influence a variety of ecological phenomena, our ability to quantify changes in landscape structure through time may be crucial to the understanding of the dynamic of the landscape. Some people may give their opinion that the urban areas are always filled with concrete elements and less green. This view did not actually accurate because to balance the ecological system of the city, landscape architects play a very important duty. Landscape architects are already involved in large-scale urban land restoration and rejuvenation, working with communities to convert â€Å"brown† and â€Å"grey† fields to â€Å"green† productive social and economic use. Such sites tend to be large, abandoned waterfronts, former, manufacturing sites, and primary industry locations. Here is a huge opportunity to provide necessary spaces for children to connect with the amazing, playful attributes of nature, to help them become the new front line of society who wills more expected to choose for the continuing health of our planet. In order to keep balancing the city with built and green environments, landscape architects take part in designing the city with the effective use of large trees and palms whose canopies and crowns, over time, join together to provide a physically powerful ‘green’ visual impact. Trees provide shade, color and fresh air and can provide a lasting visual impression in the memory of residents and visitors of the city. Therefore the visual benefits of a continuous green not only include calming, on both the eye and senses, but also a means of providing visual delight. In addition there are the microclimatic benefits of tree cover in the form of cooling the air by providing shade, reducing noise and improving air quality due to the effects of leaves. This concept was determined to be achievable for many disciplines such as planning, architecture and landscape with the creation of three-dimensional volumes, a viable active public realm and an extensive tree planting program. Some places are covered with natural forest and it is the true natural legacy of that place being the original home of its people. Looking to the future a young tree in the present sooner or later becomes the heritage for future generations. The forest can therefore be a metaphor for both past and future as well as providing a strong sense of identity. The application of the ‘Urban Forest’ draws on the variety and real meaning of the forest and weaves it into the fabric of the orderly and functional city. The role of the landscape architect when involved in designing both a new city or revitalizing an existing city, is very much in the realms of urban design. In fulfilling the objectives to provide a network of interlinked open spaces and to provide a large vegetative cover, the concept of the Urban Forest provides another layer in the design of the city. The concept of Urban Forest is expressed in an urban setting as an extensive tree cover utilizing mainly native trees. Public open spaces are the clear setting for large scale tree planting. However private grounds and gardens can also contribute. Also of primary importance are street trees which can be planned in advance to provide large quantities of trees. When talking about urbanization, there is such impact of the development to the natural environment, commonly urban heat island. Some points are relating towards the causes which change a high develop city to urban heat island; materials used have much different thermal volume properties, wind tunnel accessibility, geometric effects of tall building which multiple surfaces for the reflection and absorption of sunlight, and lack of evapotranspiration because of less vegetation planted. Yet this problem theorically can be solved by ecologists and environmentalists not the practical aspect. However, in term of designing the solution to find out the sustainable development that will last long for decades, landscape architect is the best consultant that any community should hire because of their sensitiveness towards surrounding environment. 5. CONCLUSIONS Urbanization is not simply a theory and not as simple planning and design. Many considerations should be taken while planning an urban area because it may give positive in fulfilling the human need but somehow it give more negative impact to the environment. Deeply understanding about urban ecology is the essential part in order to develop sustainable urban city. Furthermore, spatial organization also must be considerate for minimizing the environmental problems and issues caused by urbanization. Although there are many professional disciplinary in built environment such as architects, civil engineers, surveyor, ecologist and planner however the best consultant in planning and designing urbanization is landscape architect. Role of landscape architect is not focusing to planting and gardening but encompasses the analysis, planning, design, management, and stewardship of the natural and built environments. This profession is the one of the professional profession that really concerns about environmental effect. REFERENCES Bhatta, Basudeb. 2010. Analysis of Urban Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Esbah, H. , Maktav, D. , Atatanir, L. , Erbek, L. Atanir. 2005. Understanding Urban Growth Patterns: A Landscape Ecology Point of View. Adnan Menderes University. Jenkins, P. , Smith, H. and Wang, Y. P. 2007. Planning and Housing In The Rapidly Urbanizing World. Routledge. ) McHarg, Ian. 1991. Design with nature. John Wiley. Obara, Bryan. 2010. Design of Process: Leading Towards a Symbiosis of Landscape Urbanism Theory and Practice. Retrieve from http://umass. academia. edu/BryanObara/Papers/536401 Peters, Alison. and Scott, Ashley. The Role of Landscape Architects in Urban Design Projects. Retrieve from rudi. net/books/10556 Schmal, H. 1981. Patterns of European Urbanisation since 1500. Redwood Burn Limited. Other References Didona Associates: didonaassociates. com/why/la-overview. html Landscape Architecture Resource: http://landscapearchitectureresource. com/ Natural Learning Initiative: naturalearning. org/content/new-role-landscape-architecture New World Encyclopedia: newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Urbanization Whole Building Design Guide: http:// www. wbdg. org/design/dd landscapearch. php Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Architecture